Table 4 Spatiotemporal outcome metrics for turn trials and pairwise comparisons from corresponding linear mixed models

Outcome Measure

Overground

Treadmill

Treadmill + Handrail

Overground – TM

Overground – TM + H

TM – TM + H

180° Turns

Duration (s)

2.2 ± 0.2

6.3 ± 0.7

5.3 ± 0.7

-4.1 (-4.5, -3.6)

-3.1 (-3.6, -2.6)

1.0 (0.2, 3.2)

Number of Steps

4.9 ± 0.4

10.6 ± 1.5

8.4 ± 1.2

-5.7 (-6.7, -4.7)

-3.6 (-4.4, -2.7)

2.1 (0.6, 3.6)

Average velocity (deg/s)

61.8 ± 3.5

27.7 ± 3.0

31.6 ± 3.7

34.1 (31.4, 36.8)

30.3 (26.8, 33.7)

-3.9 (-7.6, -0.1)

Max velocity (deg/s)

73.3 ± 3.4

38.4 ± 4.7

42.4 ± 5.3

34.8 (30.9, 38.6)

31.0 (26.8, 35.3)

-3.8 (-8.4, 0.9)

360° Turns

Duration (s)

3.7 ± 0.5

9.9 ± 1.0

8.3 ± 1.2

-6.3 (-6.9, -5.6)

-4.7 (-5.4, -4.0)

1.6 (0.7, 2.4)

Number of Steps

7.3 ± 0.8

16.9 ± 2.3

12.8 ± 1.5

-9.7 (-11.4, -8.1)

-5.5 (-6.6, -4.4)

4.3 (2.8, 5.7)

Average velocity (deg/s)

85.0 ± 9.7

34.6 ± 3.4

40.6 ± 5.9

50.4 (44.1, 56.7)

44.6 (39.5, 49.6)

-5.9 (-9.8, -1.9)

Max velocity (deg/s)

101.7 ± 12.5

46.1 ± 3.7

52.6 ± 9.3

55.6 (46.8, 64.5)

49.3 (42.9, 55.7)

-6.3 (-12.8, 0.2)