Table 5 Motion capture systems. Motion Capture hardware and related signal processing and analysis. ‘–’ indicates that the authors gave no information on the respective matter
From: A review of combined functional neuroimaging and motion capture for motor rehabilitation
Hardware | Signal processing | References | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | Category | Captured body part | Technology | Sample rate | Filter | Feature extraction | Features | |
Mechanical | Movement event marker | Ankle | Force transducer | 2048 Hz | Low-pass (3 Hz) | Force change | Movement onset | [47] |
Feet (Gait) | Pressure sensing treadmill system | 20 Hz | – | – | Toe-off Heel strike | [55] | ||
Distal third of forearm, middle of arm | Gyroscopes | 100 Hz | Low-pass (10 Hz) | Angular velocity change | Movement onset | [40] | ||
Hand | Force transducer | 500 Hz | – | Force increase | Movement onset | [50] | ||
Movement event marker, Kinematic parameters/assessment | Arm via end-effector | Active robotic system | – | – | Velocity change detection | Movement onset/offset Mean velocity, Movement accuracy Movement smoothness Spectral arc-length metric Distance at robotic assist Robot assistance frequency Explored workspace area Completion time | [52] | |
Kinematic parameters | Hip, knee, ankle | Accelerometer Goniometer | 100 Hz | Band-pass (0–3 Hz) | – | Joint angles | [48] | |
Wrist, forarm via end-effector | Accelerometer | 20 Hz | – | Kalman filter | Tilt angle Acceleration Angular velocity | [46] | ||
Wrist | Active robotic system | 1000 Hz | Low-pass (12 Hz) | (1) Euclidian norm of velocity; (2) Greedy algorithm | (1) Velocity; (2) Submovement on/offset | [54] | ||
Index finger | Accelerometer | 500 Hz | – | – | Maximal acceleration | [39] | ||
Kinematic parameters/assessment Kinetic parameters | Arm via end-effector | Passive robotic system | – | – | – | Movement efficiency Number of velocity peaks Mean force vector | [41] | |
Kinetic parameters/assessment | Feet (Gait) | Pressure sensing walkway system | – | – | – | Speed, Cadence, Stride time Stride length Spatio-temporal asymmetry | [56] | |
Mechanical, optical | Mec: Movement event marker Opt: Kinematic parameters | Mec: Feet Opt: Full body | Mec: Force plate Opt: Passive marker-based motion capture | Mec: 2000 Hz Opt: 100 Hz | Mec: - Opt: Low-pass (10 Hz) | Mec: Leg weight unloading Opt: Labeling, gap filling Marker movement | Mec: Stepping behavior by foot-offset Opt: Leaning direction | [57] |
Mechanical, magnetic | Kinematic parameters | Lower body | Active robotic system | 100 Hz | Low-pass (3 Hz) | – | Joint angular position Velocity | [44] |
Magnetic | Movement event marker | Arm | Passive robotic system | 1000 Hz | – | Joint rotation change of end effector | Movement onset | [53] |
Optical | Movement event marker | Thigh, shank, foot | Active marker-based motion capture | 140 Hz | – | – | Toe-off Heel strike | [42] |
Hand | Marker-less hand tracking system | 100 Hz | – | Movement away from start position | Movement onset | [51] | ||
Kinematic parameters | Upper body | Marker-less motion capture | 30 Hz | – | – | 3D joint center position | [43] | |
Upper body | Marker-less motion capture | 30 Hz | – | – | 3D joint center position | [45] | ||
Kinematic assessment | Arm | Active marker-based motion capture | 960 Hz | – | Normalized averaged rectified jerk | Jerk | [49] | |