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Table 4 Intra-group results

From: Use of low-cost virtual reality in the treatment of the upper extremity in chronic stroke: a randomized clinical trial

Variable

G

Media ± SD

F

P

Pre vs Pos

Pre vs f-up

Pos vs f-up

Pre

Pos

f-up

MD

P

CI

MD

P

IC

MD

P

CI

Grip Strength

EG

14.87 ± 8.07

16.92 ± 8.29

17.61 ± 9.08

13.278

 < 0.001*

− 2.06

0.021*

(− 3.86 to − 0.25)

− 2.74

 < 0.001*

(− 4.12 to − 1.37)

− 0.69

0.393

(− 1.81 to 0.43)

CG

21.33 ± 12.71

22.63 ± 12.43

22.50 ± 12.58

− 1.30

0.237

(− 3.10 to 0.51)

− 1.16

0.122

(− 2.54 to 0.21)

0.132

1.000

(− 0.99 to 1.25)

BBT

EG

23.78 ± 12.42

27.17 ± 13.27

27.72 ± 12.13

20.370

 < 0.001*

− 3.39

0.001*

(− 5.58 to − 1.20)

− 3.94

 < 0.001*

(− 5.89 to − 2.00)

− 0.56

0.552

(− 1.59 to 0.48)

CG

31.56 ± 11.71

32.50 ± 10.68

33.89 ± 10.89

− 0.94

0.861

(− 3.14 to 1.25)

− 2.33

0.014*

(− 4.28 to − 0.39)

− 1.39

0.005*

(− 2.42 to − 0.36)

ARAT

EG

41.78 ± 14.94

45.06 ± 14.51

42.94 ± 16.78

1.798

0.187

− 3.28

0.002*

(− 5.43 to − 1.12)

− 1.17

1.000

(− 6.72 to 4.38)

2.11

0.841

(− 2.74 to 6.96)

CG

48.78 ± 7.52

50.17 ± 7.16

50.56 ± 6.75

− 1.39

0.341

(− 3.54 to 0.77)

− 1.78

1.000

(− 7.33 to 3.77)

− 0.39

1.000

(− 5.24 to 4.46)

ARAT (A)

EG

13.59 ± 5.18

14.17 ± 4.99

14.50 ± 4.93

5.535

0.020*

− 0.78

0.293

(− 1.93 to 0.37)

− 1.11

0.029*

(− 2.13 to − 0.92)

− 0.33

0.069

(− 0.69 to 0.19)

CG

16.00 ± 2.47

16.50 ± 2.23

16.50 ± 2.23

− 5.00

0.84

(− 1.65 to 0.65)

− 5.00

0.68

(− 1.52 to 0.51)

0.00

1.00

(− 0.35 to 0.35)

ARAT (B)

EG

9.78 ± 2.96

10.28 ± 2.56

10.39 ± 2.55

3.589

0.033*

− 0.50

0.337

(1.27 to 0.27)

− 0.61

0.142

(− 1.36 to 0.14)

− 0.11

0.315

(− 0.28 to 0.06)

CG

11.17 ± 1.47

11.39 ± 1.24

11.44 ± 1.20

− 0.22

1.000

(− 0.99 to 0.55)

− 0.28

1.000

(− 1.03 to 0.47)

− 0.06

1.000

(− 0.22 to 0.11)

ARAT (C)

EG

10.72 ± 6.27

12.44 ± 6.39

12.56 ± 6.30

6.898

0.010*

− 1.72

0.051

(− 3.45 to 0.01)

− 1.83

0.009*

(− 3.28 to − 0.38)

− 0.11

1.000

(− 0.65 to 0.43)

CG

12.83 ± 4.84

13.28 ± 4.90

13.61 ± 4.43

− 0.44

1.000

(− 2.17 to 1.28)

− 0.78

0.559

(− 2.23 to 0.68)

− 0.33

0.381

(− 0.87 to 0.20)

ARAT (D)

EG

7.83 ± 1.79

8.17 ± 1.69

8.28 ± 1.65

3.875

0.051

− 0.33

0.289

(− 0.82 to 0.16)

− 0.44

0.199

(− 1.03 to 0.15)

− 0.11

0.499

(− 0.31 to 0.09)

CG

8.78 ± 0.94

8.98 ± 0.02

8.98 ± 0.02

− 0.22

0.782

(− 0.71 to 0.27)

− 0.22

1.000

(− 0.81 to 0.37)

0.00

1.000

(− 0.20 to 0.20)

DASH

EG

42.98 ± 16.07

40.35 ± 16.22

40.45 ± 15.68

17.20

 < 0.001*

2.65

0.004*

(0.76 to 4.54)

2.55

0.007*

(0.59 to 4.51)

− 0.10

1.000

(− 0.65 to 0.44)

CG

37.22

 ± 

19.23

35.35 ± 17.23

35.14 ± 17.28

1.87

0.053

(− 0.02 to 3.76)

2.08

0.035*

(0.12 to 4.05)

0.21

0.998

(− 0.34 to 0.76)

  1. G group, EG experimental group, CG control group, SD standard deviation, MD mean difference, CI confidence interval, Pre pre-treatment, Pos pos-treatment, F-up follow-up, BBT Block and Box Test, ARAT Action Research Arm Test, ARAT (A) Action Research Arm Test Subtest A grasp, ARAT (B) Action Research Arm Test Subtest B grip, ARAT (C) Action Research Arm Test Subtest C pinch, ARAT (D) Action Research Arm Test Subtest D gross movement, DASH Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire
  2. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni a posteriori adjustment. *p value < 0.05