Table 2 Usability attributes of the glossary with their proposed definitions and the average ± STD ratings obtained in the global validation
From: Towards a validated glossary of usability attributes for the evaluation of wearable robotic devices
Attribute | Proposed definition in the global validation survey | Agreement with the definition | Relevance in the field | Included as design criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Accessibility | The quality of being easily obtainable or reachable | 4,00 ± 0,82 | 3,71 ± 1,21 | 2,71 ± 1,45 |
Adaptability | The ability of a system to change in order to suit different conditions | 3,88 ± 1,45 | 4,13 ± 1,02 | 3,31 ± 1,35 |
Aesthetics | The extent to which a system's design is (visually) pleasing to the user | 4,20 ± 0,95 | 3,45 ± 1,10 | 2,95 ± 1,15 |
Autonomy** | The capability of achieving a set goal within a defined scope without human interventions while adapting to operational and environmental conditions | 3,83 ± 0,92 | 3,56 ± 1,20 | 2,94 ± 1,47 |
Cognitive load | The amount of mental effort required to perform a task | 4,06 ± 1,34 | 4,12 ± 0,78 | 3,06 ± 1,14 |
Comfort*º | The extent to which the use of a system does not induce pain, unnecessary constraint or unpleasant feelings | 4,33 ± 0,9 | 4,75 ± 0,58 | 4,31 ± 1,01 |
Compatibility* | The ability to work with other specific systems or environments without problems or conflict | 4,20 ± 0,86 | 4,00 ± 1,03 | 3,00 ± 1,46 |
Complexity | The amount of effort needed to describe or use a system | 3,71 ± 1,10 | 4,00 ± 1,00 | 3,56 ± 1,15 |
Cost-effectiveness | The degree to which something is effective or productive in relation to its cost | 4,00 ± 1,32 | 3,65 ± 1,06 | 3,29 ± 1,26 |
Customizability | The ability to be modified to suit a particular individual, task, or environment | 4,44 ± 1,03 | 4,13 ± 1,02 | 3,87 ± 1,19 |
Desirability* | The degree of how much a product is wanted by a user | 4,27 ± 0,88 | 3,50 ± 1,21 | 2,69 ± 1,35 |
Durability | The ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage | 4,07 ± 1,00 | 3,93 ± 1,16 | 3,53 ± 1,60 |
Ease of use | The degree to which using a system is free of unnecessary effort | 3,63 ± 1,15 | 4,33 ± 0,90 | 4,13 ± 0,99 |
Effectiveness | The accuracy and completeness with which users achieve specified goals | 4,13 ± 1,15 | 4,63 ± 0,50 | 4,44 ± 0,81 |
Efficiency | The resources used in relation to the results achieved | 4,26 ± 0,99 | 4,35 ± 0,81 | 3,95 ± 1,19 |
Embodiment | The perception of a beign part of the body-image as a feeling of ownership and agency | 4,13 ± 1,15 | 3,44 ± 0,96 | 2,50 ± 0,82 |
Ergonomics | The degree of, or design for kinematic compatibility in a human–robot interface | 3,06 ± 1,53 | 4,35 ± 1,06 | 3,76 ± 1,30 |
Error recovery | The quality of a system to allow the user to exit from a situation that the user did not intend to be in | 4,24 ± 0,83 | 3,94 ± 1,20 | 2,63 ± 1,15 |
Feasibility | The determination as to whether assigned tasks could be accomplished by using the given resources | 4,18 ± 0,88 | 3,94 ± 1,09 | 3,53 ± 1,37 |
Frustration | The feeling of being upset or annoyed as a result of being unable to change or achieve something | 4,35 ± 0,79 | 3,59 ± 1,12 | 2,71 ± 1,53 |
Functionality*º | The extent to which the range of functions offered by a system can be used to perform the intended tasks | 4,12 ± 0,86 | 4,56 ± 0,70 | 4,28 ± 0,89 |
Health benefit | The positive effect on a person's health gained from a system | 4,53 ± 1,01 | 4,13 ± 1,26 | 3,44 ± 1,50 |
Helpfulness** | The ability of providing useful assistance | 3,87 ± 1,3 | 4,00 ± 1,46 | 3,56 ± 1,63 |
Independence** | The ability to perform an activity with no or little help from others | 4,53 ± 0,72 | 4,28 ± 1,07 | 3,72 ± 1,53 |
Intuitiveness*º | The extent to which a system is easy and natural to use, learnable and understandable | 4,15 ± 0,93 | 4,30 ± 0,80 | 3,84 ± 0,90 |
Learnability | The ease and speed with which the users get familiar with the use of a system and retain these skills and knowledge | 4,27 ± 0,88 | 4,14 ± 0,53 | 3,79 ± 0,97 |
Meet user needs* | The extent to which a system fulfills the design criteria given by the target user group | 3,75 ± 1,18 | 4,63 ± 1,02 | 4,38 ± 0,96 |
Mobility*º | The ability to move in one's environment with ease and without restriction | 4,47 ± 0,72 | 4,44 ± 0,70 | 4,17 ± 0,71 |
Motivation | The desire, or enthusiasm to do something (e.g. use a system or complete a task) | 4,25 ± 0,85 | 3,75 ± 0,91 | 3,11 ± 1,10 |
Performance | The level of success in completing a task | 4,24 ± 1,03 | 4,41 ± 0,62 | 4,35 ± 0,79 |
Physical workload | The amount and intensity of physical activity required to complete a task | 4,16 ± 1,01 | 3,70 ± 1,08 | 3,60 ± 1,05 |
Pleasure* | A feeling of enjoyment or satisfaction, or something that produces this feeling | 4,00 ± 0,69 | 2,94 ± 1,30 | 2,00 ± 1,08 |
Practicality* | The extent to being suitable for a particular occasion or use, or of being able to provide effective solutions to problems | 3,61 ± 1,20 | 3,82 ± 0,88 | 3,41 ± 1,46 |
Quality of life | An individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns | 4,25 ± 1,07 | 4,10 ± 0,85 | 3,15 ± 1,14 |
Reliability*º | The extent to which a system will consistently perform its intended function adequately over time in a specific context of use | 4,40 ± 0,75 | 4,70 ± 0,73 | 4,05 ± 1,00 |
Robustness | ​The quality of being strong and unlikely to break or fail | 3,95 ± 1,32 | 4,25 ± 0,97 | 3,95 ± 0,91 |
Safety*º | The extent to which the use of a system is free from danger or risk of injury | 4,53 ± 0,51 | 4,76 ± 0,44 | 4,53 ± 1,01 |
Satisfaction | The extent to which the user's physical, cognitive and emotional responses that result from the use of a system meet the user’s needs and expectations | 4,16 ± 1,01 | 4,50 ± 0,69 | 3,80 ± 1,06 |
Technical requirements*º | The set of technical design criteria required to deliver a desired function or behavior from a system to satisfy a user’s standards and needs | 3,50 ± 1,51 | 3,13 ± 1,85 | 3,44 ± 1,50 |
Temporal demand | The amount of time required to complete a specific task using the system or in setting it up to be used | 4,26 ± 0,99 | 4,21 ± 0,92 | 3,55 ± 1,05 |
Understandability** | The extent to which a system's functions and provided information are comprehensible | 4,15 ± 0,99 | 3,79 ± 1,08 | 3,37 ± 1,30 |
Usefulness*º | The extent to which a system is effective in helping the user to do or achieve something in a practical way | 4,47 ± 0,62 | 4,76 ± 0,56 | 4,24 ± 1,03 |
Wearability*º | The extent to which a WR can be mounted on the body and used without unnecessary movement restriction | 3,88 ± 1,31 3,94 ± 0,97 | 4,69 ± 0,60 4,59 ± 0,87 | 4,13 ± 0,96 4,12 ± 1,17 |