Can transcranial direct current stimulation combined with interactive computerized cognitive training boost cognition and gait performance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment? a randomized controlled trial

Table 2 Comparisons of cognitive performance between the two treatment groups

	Sham + ICCT (n = 10)		tDCS + ICCT (n = 11)		Time	Group	Time × Group
	Pre- intervention	Post- intervention	Pre- intervention	Post- intervention	P value	P value	P value,η²
MoCA (score)	25.5 ± 2.7	26.6 ± 2.2*	25.0 ± 2.2	26.6 ± 1.7*	< 0.001	0.849	0.351, 0.046
TMTA (seconds)	63.3 ± 8.2	52.5 ± 10.3	68.3 ± 7.6	48.3 ± 8.9*	< 0.001	0.899	0.058, 0.177
TMTB (seconds)	111.6 ± 24.0	92.8 ± 19.4*	124.6 ± 39.5	91.4 ± 32.5*	< 0.001	0.645	0.128, 0.118
Tower of London
Total time (seconds)	725.8 ± 175.2	693.2 ± 136.9	703.4 ± 242.3	587.4 ± 331.6	0.160	0.486	0.422, 0.034
Accuracy	6.5 ± 2.3	6.8 ± 1.6	6.1 ± 2.5	7.1 ± 2.4	0.094	0.973	0.354, 0.045
VWM (d’)	1.5 ± 0.3	1.5 ± 0.4	1.8 ± 0.9	1.7 ± 0.9	0.430	0.388	0.859, 0.002
CVVLT (number)
Verbal memory	24.8 ± 4.7	28.0 ± 3.9*	23.3 ± 4.9	28.3 ± 5.6*	< 0.001	0.799	0.120, 0.122
Delayed recall	4.1 ± 2.0	5.3 ± 2.2	3.6 ± 2.4	5.2 ± 2.5*	0.003	0.797	0.599, 0.015
N-back task (number)
1-back	15.2 ± 0.7	17.9 ± 1.5*	14.1 ± 0.9	18.3 ± 1.7*	< 0.001	0.532	0.067, 0.166
2-back	6.1 ± 2.2	7.1 ± 2.8	4.8 ± 1.8	7.3 ± 2.0*	< 0.001	0.581	0.070, 0.162

Data are presented as means ± SD or numbers. *significant pre-post improvement by the post-hoc comparison with Bonferroni correction
MoCA : Montreal Cognitive Assessment; TMTA and TMTB: Trail Making Test parts A and B; VWM: Visual Working Memory; CVVLT: Chinese Version of the Verbal Learning Test

ISSN: 1743-0003