Reminiscent music therapy combined with robot-assisted rehabilitation for elderly stroke patients: a pilot study

Table 2 The outcome assessments at baseline (T0) and after intervention (T1) (mean ± SD/median and quartile)

Outcomes	Time	Group A (n = 10)	Group B (n = 10)	Group C (n = 10)	P (intergroup)
Self-esteem	T0	22.30 ± 3.95	22.90 ± 2.96	22.40 ± 3.72	0.922^a
Self-esteem	T1	27.50 ± 4.30	24.20 ± 2.39	24.10 ± 3.81	0.073 ^a
P (intragroup)		0.006^c	0.003^c	0.000^c
Rehabilitation self-efficacy
Daily life activity effectiveness	T0	10.40 ± 7.89	13.10 ± 6.23	9.60 ± 10.71	0.631 ^a
Daily life activity effectiveness	T1	20.80 ± 5.49	16.40 ± 3.98	15.90 ± 5.13	0.066 ^a
P (intragroup)		0.103^c	0.004^c	0.003^c
Self-management effectiveness	T0	16.80 ± 8.26	13.80 ± 8.30	14.90 ± 7.49	0.702 ^a
Self-management effectiveness	T1	23.10 ± 5.82^#,†	16.50 ± 5.72	17.20 ± 4.98	0.024 ^a
P (intragroup)		0.004^c	0.000^c	0.000^c
Total score	T0	27.20 ± 13.96	26.90 ± 14.15	24.50 ± 16.25	0.905^a
Total score	T1	48.00 (35.75, 52.50)^#,†	28.00 (24.75, 41.50)	30.00 (26.75, 43.25)	0.044^b
P (intragroup)		0.005^d	0.011^d	0.033^d
Positive emotion	T0	17.00 (13.75, 23.00)	17.50 (12.75, 24.00)	14.00 (11.75, 22.50)	0.586 ^b
Positive emotion	T1	32.80 ± 2.57^#,†	24.30 ± 2.83	24.50 ± 2.84	< 0.000^a
P (intragroup)		0.005^d	0.005^d	0.008^d
Upper limb function	T0	11.70 ± 5.25	13.30 ± 5.10	13.70 ± 7.60	0.742 ^a
Upper limb function	T1	16.50 (15.00, 24.25)	13.50 (13.00, 18.50)	13.00 (11.75, 23.25)	0.082 ^b
P (intragroup)		0.005^d	0.007^d	0.017^d
Activities of daily living	T0	37.00 (26.00, 42.75)	38.50 (31.25, 43.25)	30.00 (25.00, 46.75)	0.706 ^b
Activities of daily living	T1	48.30 ± 7.65	45.70 ± 5.21	43.10 ± 8.88	0.307 ^a
P (intragroup)		0.008^d	0.005^d	0.005^d

^a ANOVA was used for intergroup comparisons. ^b Kruskal-Wallis H Test was used for intergroup comparisons. ^c A paired-sample t-test was used for intragroup comparisosns. ^d Wilcoxon signed rank sum test was used for intragroup comparisons. ^# Significant in comparison to B group: obtained from Bonferroni. ^† Significant in comparison to C group: obtained from Bonferroni

ISSN: 1743-0003