Fig. 1

Patient-in-the-Loop Framework. This general framework promotes the use of the ICF, multiple or continuous data measurements over time, patient involvement, and computational models to aid clinicians in diagnosing and prescribing treatment. Specifically, within this ‘patient-in-the-loop’ framework, continual monitoring of a patient’s body structure and function allows for updates to diagnostic and treatment models that inform new and revised prescription by a practitioner to maximize recovery and habilitation. Both fundamental (e.g., motor adaptation, neuroplasticity, musculoskeletal, and sensory) and data-driven (e.g., machine learning) diagnostic and treatment models, which must be properly validated, can be utilized to better inform and facilitate more effective neurorehabilitation for a range of neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions