Table 3 Musculoskeletal: state-of-the-art and future directions

State-of-the-art

a. Predictive models of motion under different musculoskeletal and environmental

conditions, ranging from changes due to age and walking over uneven terrains.

b. Modelling musculoskeletal conditions and injury, such as osteoarthritis.

c. Evaluating surgical outcomes, such as hamstring lengthening for crouch gait.

d. Modelling human-assistive device interactions with integrated real-time control.

Future directions

a. Consider plausible objectives in cost functions that relate to patient goals,

including stability, fatigue, and comfort.

b. Inclusion of neurological details that become impacted with neurological

conditions, such as sensory feedback and other neural dynamics.

c. Incorporating learning and neuroplasticity principles, which are important

when recovering from a neural condition or interacting with an assistive device.

d. Advancing models to accommodate various neural condition and injury.