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Table 2 Comparison of outcome scores (Intragroup and intergroup analysis)

From: Effects of the powerball® system on muscle strength, coordination, fatigue, functionality and quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis. A randomized clinical trial

Variable

Group

Pre

Mean (± Standard deviation))

Post

Mean (± Standard deviation)

Follow up

Mean (± Standard deviation)

ANOVA

(duration*side*group)

p-value

Two-paired comparisons

Pre Vs. Post

p-value

Pre Vs. Follow up

p-value

Post Vs. Follow up

p-value

JAMAR® more affected side

Experimental

28.73 (± 13.03)

29.39 (± 13.38)

30.38 (± 14.18)

0.859

> 0.999

0.572

0.692

Control

23.00 (± 13.60)

24.39 (± 13.69)

23.40 (± 13.14)

0.701

> 0.999

0.638

JAMAR® less affected side

Experimental

31.60 (± 13.00)

31.90 (± 14.64)

32.75 (± 15.3)

> 0.999

> 0.999

> 0.999

Control

24.71 (± 12.10)

26.24 (± 12.20)

24.13 (± 12.33)

0.615

> 0.999

0.213

Two-finger opposition grip more affected side

Experimental

4.6 (± 1.92)

4.03 (± 1.83)

3.91 (± 1.80)

0.1

0.172

0.180

> 0.999

Control

3.47 (± 0.98)

4.72 (± 1y.89)

4.08 (± 1.24)

0.017

0.669

0.420

Two-finger opposition grip less affected side

Experimental

4.48 (± 1.31)

4.38 (± 1.36)

4.62 (± 2.42)

> 0.999

> 0.999

> 0.999

Control

4.30 (± 1.25)

4.74 (± 1.55)

4.61 (± 0.95)

0.804

> 0.999

> 0.999

Lateral pinch grip more affected side

Experimental

7.70 (± 2.22)

7.76 (± 3.27)

7.91 (± 3.24)

0.214

> 0.999

> 0.999

> 0.999

Control

5.47 (± 2.25)

6.58 (± 2.69)

6.86 (± 2.56)

0.431

0.393

> 0.999

Lateral pinch grip less affected side

Experimental

7.64 (± 2.41)

7.61 (± 3.20)

8.06 (± 3.26)

> 0.999

> 0.999

0.666

Control

7.05 (± 3.08)

7.08 (± 2.77)

7.52 (± 2.87)

> 0.999

> 0.999

> 0.999

Three-finger pinch grip More affected

Experimental

6.41 (± 2.50)

6.15 (± 3.05)

6.19 (± 2.72)

0.123

> 0.999

> 0.999

> 0.999

Control

5.22(± 2.14)

5.80 (± 1.81)

6.08 (± 2.42)

> 0.999

0.329

> 0.999

Three-finger pinch grip Less affected

Experimental

6.14 (± 1.98)

6.38 (± 2.46)

7.02 (± 2.63)

> 0.999

0.473

0.734

Control

6.47 (± 1.96)

6.44 (± 1.76)

7.33 (± 3.06)

> 0.999

0.959

0.757

BBT More affected

Experimental

44.50 (± 7.65)

49.17 (± 10.15)

52.08 (± 9.53)

0.338

0.048

0.001

0.380

Control

39.23 (± 10.20)

40.77 (± 10.89)

45.08 (± 11.55)

> 0.999

0.069

0.005

BBT Less affected

Experimental

47.75 (± 9.55)

49.92 (± 11.97)

54.83 (± 9.93)

0.312

< 0.001

0.034

Control

41.69 (± 10.61)

42.46 (± 11.24)

45.46 (± 10.38)

> 0.999

0.012

0.282

NHPT More affected

Experimental

34.65 (± 17.13)

29.86 (± 11.04)

33.45 (± 23.30)

0.765

0.077

> 0.999

0.629

Control

37.86 (± 18.17)

35.36 (± 13.64)

35.46 (± 15.49)

0.623

0.503

> 0.999

NHPT Less affected

Experimental

28.16 (± 3.45)

28.18 (± 6.29)

26.72 (± 6.08)

> 0.999

> 0.999

> 0.999

Control

34.61 (± 20.84)

35.30 (± 19.07)

33.31 (± 13.73)

> 0.999

> 0.999

0.826

FSS

Experimental

49.00 (± 11.83)

45.67 (± 8.37)

48.58 (± 9.25)

0.531

0.244

> 0.999

0.607

Control

38.31 (± 19.24)

37.62 (± 17.76)

38.15 (± 18.72)

> 0.999

> 0.999

> 0.999

ABILHAND

Experimental

35.42 (± 8.43)

35.67 (± 8.46)

36.75 (± 8.50)

0.859

> 0.999

> 0.999

0.992

Control

34.62 (± 12.03)

36.15 (± 9.82)

37.23 (± 8.84)

> 0.999

0.485

0.943

MSIS-29 physical score

Experimental

57.07 (± 20.53)

64.42 (± 18.52)

62.29 (± 16.62)

0.504

0.332

0.695

0.955

Control

43.75 (± 31.66)

43.95 (± 29.45)

43.85 (± 29.02)

> 0.999

> 0.999

> 0.999

MSIS-29 psychological score

Experimental

47.96 (± 25.18)

50.26 (± 22.84)

58.02 (± 20.63)

0.451

> 0.999

0.146

0.438

Control

44.53 (± 29.87)

43.68 (± 33.91)

46.22 (± 33.78)

> 0.999

> 0.999

> 0.999

  1. BBT Box and Block Test; NHPT Nine Hole Peg Test; FSS Fatigue Severity Scale; MSIS-29 Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale. All p-values present Bonferroni adjustment