Table 1 Overview of the neuro-control capabilities of the device
From: EMG-driven control in lower limb prostheses: a topic-based systematic review
Ref. | Control strategy | Neuro-control | Actuator control signal | Joint | Platform |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[64] | IEC | Direct control on the joint lock mechanism | Switch signal of the electromagnetic clutch | Knee | E.C.P. (Electro-Control Prosthesis)\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) |
[29] | IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Servo-amplifier electrohydraulic valve level | Knee | Prosthesis simulator (hydraulic system externally supplied and controlled)\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) |
IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Joint angle reference | Knee | ABS\(^{\star }\); off-line VS\(^{\dag }\) | |
[56] | IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Joint torque reference | Knee | Vanderbilt micro-controlled leg prosthesis\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) |
IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Joint torque reference | Knee | Clarkson university knee powered prosthesis prototype\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) | |
[57] | IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE and IE | Joint torque reference | Knee, ankle | Virtual environment\(^{\star }\), powered knee prosthesis prototype (Center for Bionic Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago)\(^{\dag }\) |
[37] | IEC | Direct control on joint angle movement | Joint angle reference | Ankle | Passive prosthetic feet\(^{\star }\); on-line VS\(^{\dag }\) |
[16] | IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Joint angular velocity | Ankle | On-line VS\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) |
IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Force reference of artificial pneumatic muscles | Ankle | Artificial pneumatic muscles powered ankle prosthesis prototype (University of Michigan)\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) | |
[76] | IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Joint angle reference | Ankle | On-line VS\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\); ankle prototype \(^{\dag }\) |
[11] | IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Joint angle reference | Knee, ankle | ABS\(^{\star }\); off-line VS\(^{\dag }\) |
IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Joint torque reference | Ankle | On-line VS\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) | |
[98] | CIC | Control of walking control ground-level or slopes | NI | Knee | Four-bar linkage mechanism, Ottobock\(^{\star }\); Endolite, Blatchford\(^{\star }\) |
[70] | CIC | Adaptive control based on locomotion recognition | Stepper motor control driving a gear train | Knee | Prototype leg prosthesis (step motor driving the shaft of six-bar knee)\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) |
[5] | CIC | Transition between level-ground to stairs intrinsic adaptive control | Joint position/torque (control state dependent) | Ankle | On-line VS\(^{\star }\); BiOM ankle-foot prosthesis, MIT Media Lab\(^{\star }\) |
CIC | Adaptive control based on locomotion recognition | NI | Knee | Mauch SNS, Össur\(^{\star }\); off-line VS\(^{\dag }\) | |
[66] | CIC | Adaptive control based on locomotion recognition | NI | Knee | Hydraulic passive knee\(^{\star }\); off-line VS\(^{\dag }\) |
[53] | CIC | Adaptive control based on locomotion recognition | Position and velocity joint trajectory | Knee, ankle | NS\(^{\star }\); off-line VS\(^{\dag }\) |
[85] | CIC | Adaptive control based on walking phase recognition | NI | Knee | ABS\(^{\star }\); off-line VS\(^{\dag }\) |
CIC | Adaptive control based on walking phase recognition | NI | Knee | ABS\(^{\star }\); off-line VS\(^{\dag }\) | |
CIC | Adaptive control based on locomotion recognition | NI in passive MLLPs; joint torque for active MLLP | Knee | Knee–ankle powered prototype\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) | |
CIC | Adaptive control based on locomotion recognition | NI | Ankle | Passive ankle\(^{\star }\); off-line VS\(^{\dag }\) | |
[120] | CIC | Joint DoF motion determination | NS | Ankle | On-line VS\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) |
CIC-IEC | Adaptive control based on locomotion recognition; non-weight bearing voluntary control of joints FE | Joint torque reference | Knee, ankle | Vanderbilt micro-controlled leg prosthesis\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) | |
CIC | Adaptive control based on locomotion recognition | Joint torque reference | Knee, ankle | Vanderbilt micro-controlled leg prosthesis\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) | |
[17] | CIC | Adaptive control based on terrain slope estimation | Joint damping reference | Ankle | Peking university PKU-RoboTPro\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) |
[106] | CIC | EMG-triggered stride motion routine | Motor current reference | Knee | Prototype leg prosthesis\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) |
CIC | Adaptive control based on locomotion recognition | NI | Ankle | ABS\(^{\star }\); off-line VS\(^{\dag }\) | |
[6] | IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Joint angle reference | Ankle | On-line VS\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) |
[61] | IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Joint torque reference | Knee | ABS with ABA and powered knee prosthetic prototype\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) |
[136] | IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Joint torque reference | Knee | ABS with ABA and Vanderbilt micro-controlled leg prosthesis\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) |
CIC-IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Joint torque reference | Ankle | BiOM ankle-foot prosthesis, MIT Media Lab\(^{{\star } {\dag }}\) | |
[19] | IEC | Voluntary control of joint FE | Joint torque reference | Knee | ABS\(^{\star }\); on-line VS\(^{\dag }\) |