Fig. 4

Subjective symptoms of PPPD after mediVR KAGURA-guided training and conventional physiotherapy. a–d Control group: NPQ: P = 0.40, r = 0.20 (a), NPQ upright posture/walking: P = 0.32, r = 0.23 (b), NPQ movement: P = 0.12, r = 0.30 (c), and NPQ visual stimulation: P = 0.02, r = 0.52 (d). e–h VR group: NPQ: P = 0.005, r = 0.74 (e), NPQ upright posture/walking: P = 0.02, r = 0.65 (f), NPQ movement: P = 0.005, r = 0.72 (g), and NPQ visual stimulation: P = 0.002, r = 0.77 (h). i, j HADS-A: P = 0.15, r = 0.24 in the control group and P = 0.01, r = 0.67 in the VR group. Blue indicates the control group, and red indicates the VR group. Bars indicate the mean ± SD. PPPD persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, VR virtual reality, NPQ Niigata PPPD Questionnaire, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, SD standard deviation