Table 2 Information on the components of device

Foot-sole stimulation system

(Hao et al., 2013) [20]

An air compressor

A plastic boot

A linear pneumatic actuator consisting of a single-acting, single rod air cylinder (CG1BN32-40-XC6, SMC, Tokyo, Japan)

N.A.

A microprocessor (MSP 430 F168, Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA)

A proportional electro-pneumatic valve, five-port air-operated valve

N.A.

An LCD display and four control buttons

Dual-drive foot-sole stimulator

(Zhang et al., 2019) [21]

An air-compressor (GL0205, Greeloy, Shanghai, China)

A plastic boot

Two air cylinders (CG1BN32-40XC6, SMC, Tokyo, Japan)

N.A.

A microcontroller (MSP430F168, Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, United States)

Two five-port solenoid valves (SY51205LZD-C6, SMC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), a proportional valve (ITV2030-312 L, SMC Corporation, Spain)

N.A.

A custom-developed user interface based on Matlab (The mathworks, Inc., Natick, MA, United States)

The Korvit boot system

(Kremneva et al., 2012) [22]

(Labriffe et al., 2017) [23]

(Jeanvoine et al., 2022) [24]

A compressor

A plastic boot

Pneumatic ortheses (with cylinder pneumatic cameras built in the insoles)

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

Foot pedal manipulandum

(Trinastic et al., 2010) [25]

N.A.

A customized pedal

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

Plantar flexion force measure apparatus

(Noble et al., 2014) [26]

N.A.

syringes

N.A.

A pressure transducer

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

Bra.Di.P.O.

(Belforte et al., 2010) [27]

(Belforte et al., 2012) [28]

N.A.

A customized pedal

A pneumatic actuator

A custom-built analogue optical encoder and a pressure transducer

N.A.

5 eletrovalves, 3 OR valves, 2 flow regulators, a pressure reducer, a pneumatically controlled bistable valve, a low-high pressure valve, a plunger valve

N.A.

N.A.

Bipedal device

(Doolittle et al., 2021) [29]

N.A.

A customized pedal

N.A.

Reaction torque sensors (Transducer Techniques, TRS2K); a glass/ceramic hybrid electrolytic sensor (angle sensor)

N.A.

N.A.

A data acquisition device (Quanser, Q8-USB) via Simulink (mathworks)

N.A.

Pedaling device

(Mehta et al., 2009) [31]

(Mehta et al., 2012) [32]

(Promjunyakul et al., 2015) [33]

N.A.

A customized pedal

N.A.

An optical encoder (model TD 5207, Micronor Inc., CA)

N.A.

N.A.

Data acquisition software (micro 1401 mk II and Spike, Cambridge Electronics Design, UK)

A laptop computer

Torque-measuring apparatus

(Newton et al., 2008) [30]

N.A.

A customized pedal

N.A.

A 6-axis load cell (model 45E15A; Woodland, CA)

N.A.

N.A.

A 12-bit data acquisition card (DAS1200, Measurement Computing, Middleboro, MA)

Custom software (Matlab, Mathworks, Natick MA)

Pseudogait-MRCD

(Martínez et al., 2014) [34]

(Martínez et al., 2016) [35^]

N.A.

A special treadmill

N.A.

Four cable potentiometers, optical encoder (Hewlett Packard HEDS-5540, with 10-bits resolution)

N.A.

N.A.

Device Acquisition System (a data acquisition PCI card (Sensoray Model 626)

A personal computer

Cylindrical treadmill device

(Toyomura et al., 2018) [36]

N.A.

A special treadmill

Pneumatic actuation

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

MARCOS

(Hollnagel et al., 2011) [37]

(Hollnagel et al., 2013) [38]

(Jaeger et al., 2014) [39]

(Jaeger et al., 2015) [40]

(Jaeger et al., 2016) [41]

N.A.

A customized lower limb exoskeleton

Two pneumatic actuations (DNC 40-320-P-K10-S11 (knee), DNC 32-350-P-K10-S11 (foot) Festo, Esslingen am Neckar, Germany)

Optical encoders (Type MS20, RSF Elektronik AG, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland) with a ceramic scale and one foil potentiometer (MTP L22, Resenso, Ins, Switzerland) and resistive strain gauges (force sensors)

A low-level pneumatics controller and a high-level stepping controller

Proportional flow valves, pressure-control valves, a proportional multiway valve

Data acquisition boards

Two personal computers

LOMS

(Takahiro et al., 2011) [42]

(Ikeda et al., 2012) [43]

(Takahiro et al., 2013) [44]

(Ikeda et al., 2015) [45]

An air compressor

A customized lower limb exoskeleton

Two Mckibben-type pneumatic artificial muscles

Six rotary potentiometers (Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.)

A controller(SH4: General Robotix, Ibaraki, Japan)

Two solenoid valves

N.A.

N.A.