Ho CH, Triolo RJ, Elias AL, Kilgore KL, DiMarco AF, Bogie K, et al. Functional electrical stimulation and spinal cord injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2014;25(3):631–54.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
van der Scheer JW, Martin Ginis KA, Ditor DS, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Hicks AL, West CR, et al. Effects of exercise on fitness and health of adults with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Neurology. 2017;89(7):736–45.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kressler J, Ghersin H, Nash MS. Use of functional electrical stimulation cycle ergometers by individuals with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2014;20(2):123–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ibitoye MO, Hamzaid NA, Hasnan N, Abdul Wahab AK, Davis GM. Strategies for rapid muscle fatigue reduction during FES exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(2):e0149024.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Davis GM, Hamzaid NA, Fornusek C. Cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and biomechanical responses during functional electrical stimulation leg exercise: health and fitness benefits. Artif Organs. 2008;32(8):625–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shariat A, Najafabadi MG, Ansari NN, Cleland JA, Singh MAF, Memari AH, et al. The effects of cycling with and without functional electrical stimulation on lower limb dysfunction in patients post-stroke: a systematic review with meta-analysis. NeuroRehabilitation. 2019;44(3):389–412.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scally JB, Baker JS, Rankin J, Renfrew L, Sculthorpe N. Evaluating functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling on cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and functional outcomes in adults with multiple sclerosis and mobility impairment: a systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;37:101485.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bekhet AH, Bochkezanian V, Saab IM, Gorgey AS. The effects of electrical stimulation parameters in managing spasticity after spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;98(6):484–99.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martin Ginis KA, van der Scheer JW, Latimer-Cheung AE, Barrow A, Bourne C, Carruthers P, et al. Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: an update and a new guideline. Spinal Cord. 2018;56(4):308–21.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jensen MP, Truitt AR, Schomer KG, Yorkston KM, Baylor C, Molton IR. Frequency and age effects of secondary health conditions in individuals with spinal cord injury: a scoping review. Spinal Cord. 2013;51(12):882–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martin Ginis KA, Ma JK, Latimer-Cheung AE, Rimmer JH. A systematic review of review articles addressing factors related to physical activity participation among children and adults with physical disabilities. Health Psychol Rev. 2016;10(4):478–94.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tremblay MS, Shephard RJ, Brawley LR. Research that informs Canada’s physical activity guides: an introduction. Can J Public Health. 2007;98(Suppl 2):S1-8.
PubMed
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO handbook for guideline development, 2nd ed. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/145714. Accessed 30 Apr 2021. 2014.
Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ. 2010;182(18):E839–42.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Balshem H, Helfand M, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):401–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Lin JS, Mustafa RA, Wilt TJ. The development of clinical guidelines and guidance statements by the clinical guidelines committee of the American College of Physicians: update of methods. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(12):863–70.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alashram AR, Annino G, Mercuri NB. Changes in spasticity following functional electrical stimulation cycling in patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2020.1763713.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Farrow M, Nightingale TE, Maher J, McKay CD, Thompson D, Bilzon JLJ. Effect of exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with chronic spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;101(12):2177–205.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Figoni SF, Dolbow DR, Crawford EC, White ML, Pattanaik S. Does aerobic exercise benefit persons with tetraplegia from spinal cord injury? A systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2020.1722935.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Morrison A, Polisena J, Husereau D, Moulton K, Clark M, Fiander M, et al. The effect of English-language restriction on systematic review-based meta-analyses: a systematic review of empirical studies. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2012;28(2):138–44.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985;100(2):126–31.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Quel de Oliveira C, Refshauge K, Middleton J, de Jong L, Davis GM. Effects of activity-based therapy interventions on mobility, independence, and quality of life for people with spinal cord injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(9):1726–43.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sadowsky CL, McDonald JW. Activity-based restorative therapies: concepts and applications in spinal cord injury-related neurorehabilitation. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15(2):112–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Higgins J, Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Hróbjartsson A, Boutron I, et al. A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials In: Chandler J, McKenzie J, Boutron I, Welch V, editors. Cochrane Methods. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD201601.
Sterne JA, Hernan MA, Reeves BC, Savovic J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52(6):377–84.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Eng JJ, Teasell R, Miller WC, Wolfe DL, Townson AF, Aubut JA, et al. Spinal cord injury rehabilitation evidence: methods of the SCIRE systematic review. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2007;13(1):1–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas RE, Smith HL. Subjective well-being: three decades of progress. Psychol Bull. 1999;125(2):276.
Article
Google Scholar
Harvey LA, Lin CW, Glinsky JV, De Wolf A. The effectiveness of physical interventions for people with spinal cord injuries: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(3):184–95.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
FDA. Food and Drug Administration. Paragraph 312.32. IND safety reporting. Available at: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=49f68109df276fb151827f397ed1290b&mc=true&node=pt21.5.312&rgn=div5#se21.5.312_132. Accessed 30 Apr 2021. 2019.
Allison DJ, Thomas A, Beaudry K, Ditor DS. Effects of a functional electrical stimulation-assisted cycling program on immune and cardiovascular health in persons with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2016;22(1):71–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Andersen JL, Mohr T, Biering-Srensen F, Galbo H, Kjaer M. Myosin heavy chain isoform transformation in single fibres from m. vastus lateralis in spinal cord injured individuals: effects of long-term functional electrical stimulation (FES). Eur J Appl Physiol. 1996;431(4):513–8.
CAS
Google Scholar
Arnold PB, McVey PP, Farrell WJ, Deurloo TM, Grasso AR. Functional electric stimulation: its efficacy and safety in improving pulmonary function and musculoskeletal fitness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(800):665–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ashe MC, Eng JJ, Krassioukov AV, Warburton DER, Hung C, Tawashy A. Response to functional electrical stimulation cycling in women with spinal cord injuries using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography: a case series. J Spinal Cord Med. 2010;33(1):68–72.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Baldi JC, Jackson RD, Moraille R, Mysiw WJ. Muscle atrophy is prevented in patients with acute spinal cord injury using functional electrical stimulation. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(7):463–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barstow TJ, Scremin AM, Mutton DL, Kunkel CF, Cagle TG, Whipp BJ. Changes in gas exchange kinetics with training in patients with spinal cord injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(10):1221–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
BeDell KK, Ame S, Perell KI, Kunkel CF. Effects of functional electrical stimulation-induced lower extremity cycling on bone density of spinal cord-injured patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;75(1):29–34.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berry HR, Kakebeeke TH, Donaldson N, Perret C, Hunt KJ. Energetics of paraplegic cycling: adaptations to 12 months of high volume training. Technol Health Care. 2012;20(2):73–84.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berry HR, Perret C, Saunders BA, Kakebeeke TH, Donaldson NDN, Allan DB, et al. Cardiorespiratory and power adaptations to stimulated cycle training in paraplegia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(9):1573–80.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bloomfield SA, Mysiw WJ, Jackson RD. Bone mass and endocrine adaptations to training in spinal cord injured individuals. Bone. 1996;19(1):61–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bremner LA, Sloan KE, Day RE, Scull ER, Ackland T. A clinical exercise system for paraplegics using functional electrical stimulation. Paraplegia. 1992;30(9):647–55.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen S-C, Lai C-H, Chan WP, Huang M-H, Tsai H-W. Increases in bone mineral density after functional electrical stimulation cycling exercises in spinal cord injured patients. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27(22):1337–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chilibeck PD, Bell G, Jeon J, Weiss CB, Murdoch G, Ryan E, et al. Functional electrical stimulation exercise increases GLUT1 and GLUT4 in paralyzed skeletal muscle. Metabolism. 1999;48(11):1409–13.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chilibeck PD, Jeon J, Weiss C, Bell G, Burnham R. Histochemical changes in muscle of individuals with spinal cord injury following functional electrical stimulated exercise training. Spinal Cord. 1999;37(4):264–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Corbin GN, Weaver K, Dolbow DR, Credeur D, Pattanaik S, Stokic DS. Safety and preliminary efficacy of functional electrical stimulation cycling in an individual with cervical cord injury, autonomic dysreflexia, and a pacemaker: case report. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2019.1692180.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Crameri RM, Cooper P, Sinclair PJ, Bryant G, Weston A. Effect of load during electrical stimulation training in spinal cord injury. Muscle Nerve. 2004;29(1):104–11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crameri RM, Weston A, Climstein M, Davis GM, Sutton JR. Effects of electrical stimulation-induced leg training on skeletal muscle adaptability in spinal cord injury. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2002;12(5):316–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crosbie J, Tanhoffer AIP, Fornusek C. FES assisted standing in people with incomplete spinal cord injury: a single case design series. Spinal Cord. 2014;52:251–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Demchak TJ, Linderman JK, Mysiw WJ, Jackson R, Suun J, Devor ST. Effects of functional electric stimulation cycle ergometry training on lower limb musculature in acute sci individuals. J Sports Sci Med. 2005;4(3):263–71.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dolbow DR, Credeur DP. Effects of resistance-guided high intensity interval functional electrical stimulation cycling on an individual with paraplegia: a case report. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018;41(2):248–52.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dolbow DR, Credeur DP, Lemacks JL, Stokic DS, Pattanaik S, Corbin GN, et al. Electrically induced cycling and nutritional counseling for counteracting obesity after spinal cord injury: a pilot study. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2019.1710939.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dolbow DR, Gorgey AS, Cifu DX, Moore JR, Gater DR. Feasibility of home-based functional electrical stimulation cycling: case report. Spinal Cord. 2012;50(2):170–1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dolbow DR, Gorgey AS, Dolbow JD, Gater DR. Seat pressure changes after eight weeks of functional electrical stimulation cycling: a pilot study. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2013;19(3):222–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dolbow DR, Gorgey AS, Gater DR, Moore JR. Body composition changes after 12 months of FES cycling: case report of a 60-year-old female with paraplegia. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(Suppl 1):S3-4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dolbow DR, Gorgey AS, Ketchum JM, Gater DR. Home-based functional electrical stimulation cycling enhances quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2013;19(4):324–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dolbow DR, Gorgey AS, Ketchum JM, Moore JR, Hackett LA, Gater DR. Exercise adherence during home-based functional electrical stimulation cycling by individuals with spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;91(11):922–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dolbow DR, Gorgey AS, Khalil RK, Gater DR. Effects of a fifty-six month electrical stimulation cycling program after tetraplegia: case report. J Spinal Cord Med. 2017;40(4):485–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dolbow DR, Gorgey AS, Moore JR, Gater DR. Report of practicability of a 6-month home-based functional electrical stimulation cycling program in an individual with tetraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med. 2012;35(3):182–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Donaldson N, Perkins TA, Fitzwater R, Wood DE, Middleton F. FES cycling may promote recovery of leg function after incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2000;38(11):680–2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duffell LD, de Donaldson NN, Perkins TA, Rushton DN, Hunt KJ, Kakebeeke TH, et al. Long-term intensive electrically stimulated cycling by spinal cord-injured people: effect on muscle properties and their relation to power output. Muscle Nerve. 2008;38(4):1304–11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duffell LD, Paddison S, Alahmary AF, Donaldson N, Burridge J. The effects of FES cycling combined with virtual reality racing biofeedback on voluntary function after incomplete SCI: a pilot study. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2019;16(1):149.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Duffell LD, Rowlerson AM, Donaldson NDN, Harridge SDR, Newham DJ. Effects of endurance and strength-directed electrical stimulation training on the performance and histological properties of paralyzed human muscle: a pilot study. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42(5):756–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eser P, De Bruin ED, Telley I, Lechner HE, Knecht H. Effect of electrical stimulation-induced cycling on bone mineral density in spinal cord-injured patients. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33(5):412–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Faghri PD, Glaser RM, Figoni SF. Functional electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer exercise: training effects on cardiorespiratory responses of spinal cord injured subjects at rest and during submaximal exercise. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(11):1085–93.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fattal C, Sijobert B, Daubigney A, Fachin-Martins E, Lucas B, Casillas J, et al. Training with FES-assisted cycling in a subject with spinal cord injury: psychological, physical, and physiological considerations. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018;43(3):402–13.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fornusek C, Davis GM, Russold MF. Pilot study of the effect of low-cadence functional electrical stimulation cycling after spinal cord injury on thigh girth and strength. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(5):990–3.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frotzler A, Coupaud S, Perret C, Kakebeeke TH, Hunt KJ, de Donaldson NN, et al. High-volume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury. Bone. 2008;43:169–76.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frotzler A, Coupaud S, Perret C, Kakebeeke TH, Hunt KJ, Eser P. Effect of detraining on bone and muscle tissue in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury after a period of electrically-stimulated cycling: a small cohort study. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41:282–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Galea MP, Panisset MG, El-Ansary G, Dunlop SA, Marshall R, Clark JM, et al. SCIPA switch-on: a randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy and safety of functional electrical stimulation-assisted cycling and passive cycling initiated early after traumatic spinal cord injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2017;31(6):540–51.
Article
Google Scholar
Gerrits HL, de Haan A, Sargeant AJ, Dallmeijer A, Hopman MT. Altered contractile properties of the quadriceps muscle in people with spinal cord injury following functional electrical stimulated cycle training. Spinal Cord. 2000;38(4):214–23.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gerrits HLHLL, de Haan A, Sargeant AJ, van Langen H, Hopman MT. Peripheral vascular changes after electrically stimulated cycle training in people with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(6):832–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gill S, Adler J, Khalil RE, Gorgey AS. Attenuation of autonomic dysreflexia during functional electrical stimulation cycling by neuromuscular electrical stimulation training: case reports. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2020;6(1):12.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gorgey AS, Graham ZA, Bauman WA, Cardozo C, Gater DR. Abundance in proteins expressed after functional electrical stimulation cycling or arm cycling ergometry training in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2017;40(4):439–48.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gorgey AS, Harnish CR, Daniels JA, Dolbow DR, Keeley A, Moore J, et al. A report of anticipated benefits of functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2012;35(2):107–12.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Griffin L, Decker MJ, Hwang JY, Wang B, Kitchen K, Ding Z, et al. Functional electrical stimulation cycling improves body composition, metabolic and neural factors in persons with spinal cord injury. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2009;19(4):614–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guimaraes JA, da Fonseca LO. Towards parameters and protocols to recommend FES-Cycling in cases of paraplegia: a preliminary report. Eur J Transl Myol. 2016;26(3):209–14.
Google Scholar
Gurney AB, Robergs RA, Aisenbrey J, Cordova JC, McClanahan L. Detraining from total body exercise ergometry in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(11):782–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hangartner TN, Rodgers MM, Glaser RM, Barre PS. Tibial bone density loss in spinal cord injured patients: effects of FES exercise. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1994;31(1):50–61.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hjeltnes N, Aksnes AK, Birkeland KI, Johansen J, Lannem A, Wallberg-Henriksson H. Improved body composition after 8 wk of electrically stimulated leg cycling in tetraplegic patients. Am J Physiol. 1997;273(3 Pt 2):R1072–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hjeltnes N, Galuska D, Bjornholm M, Aksnes AK, Lannem A, Zierath JR, et al. Exercise-induced overexpression of key regulatory proteins involved in glucose uptake and metabolism in tetraplegic persons: molecular mechanism for improved glucose homeostasis. FASEB J. 1998;12(15):1701–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hooker SP, Figoni SF, Rodgers MM, Glaser RM, Mathews T, Suryaprasad AG, et al. Physiologic effects of electrical stimulation leg cycle exercise training in spinal cord injured persons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(5):470–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hooker SP, Scremin AME, Mutton DL, Kunkel CF. Peak and submaximal physiologic responses following electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometer training. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1995;32(4):361–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Janssen TWJ, Pringle DD. Effects of modified electrical stimulation-induced leg cycle ergometer training for individuals with spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(6):819–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jeon JY, Weiss CB, Steadward RD, Ryan E, Burnham RS, Bell G, et al. Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after electrical stimulation-assisted cycling in people with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2002;40(3):110–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnston TE, Marino RJ, Oleson CV, Schmidt-Read M, Leiby BE, Sendecki J, et al. Musculoskeletal effects of 2 functional electrical stimulation cycling paradigms conducted at different cadences for people with spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(9):1413–22.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnston TE, Marino RJ, Oleson CV, Schmidt-Read M, Modlesky CM. Cycling with functional electrical stimulation before and after a distal femur fracture in a man with paraplegia. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2015;21(4):275–81.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kahn NN, Feldman SP, Bauman WA. Lower-extremity functional electrical stimulation decreases platelet aggregation and blood coagulation in persons with chronic spinal cord injury: a pilot study. J Spinal Cord Med. 2010;33(2):150–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kakebeeke TH, Hofer PJ, Frotzler A, Lechner HE, Hunt KJ, Perret C. Training and detraining of a tetraplegic subject: high-volume FES cycle training. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(1):56–64.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kjær M, Mohr T, Biering-Srensen F, Bangsbo J. Muscle enzyme adaptation to training and tapering-off in spinal-cord-injured humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;84(5):482–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krauss JC, Robergs RA, Depaepe JL, Kopriva LM, Aisenbury JA, Anderson MA, et al. Effects of electrical stimulation and upper body training after SCI. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(9):1054–61.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kuhn D, Leichtfried V, Schobersberger W. Four weeks of functional electrical stimulated cycling after spinal cord injury: a clinical cohort study. Int J Rehabil Res. 2014;37(3):243–50.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lai C-H, Chang WH-S, Chan WP, Peng C-W, Shen L-K, Chen J-JJ, et al. Effects of functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise on bone mineral density loss in the early stages of spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2010;42(2):150–4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lammers G, van Duijnhoven NT, Hoenderop JG, Horstman AM, de Haan A, Janssen TW, et al. The identification of genetic pathways involved in vascular adaptations after physical deconditioning versus exercise training in humans. Exp Physiol. 2013;98(3):710–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu C-WW, Chen S-CC, Chen C-HH, Chen T-WW, Chen J-JJJ, Lin C-SS, et al. Effects of functional electrical stimulation on peak torque and body composition in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2007;23(5):232–40.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mazzoleni S, Battini E, Rustici A, Stampacchia G. An integrated gait rehabilitation training based on Functional Electrical Stimulation cycling and overground robotic exoskeleton in complete spinal cord injury patients: preliminary results. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot. 2017;2017:289–93.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mazzoleni S, Stampacchia G, Gerini A, Tombini T, Carrozza MC. FES-cycling training in spinal cord injured patients. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2013;2013:5339–41.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mohr T, Andersen JL, Biering-Sorensen F, Galbo H, Bangsbo J, Wagner A, et al. Long-term adaptation to electrically induced cycle training in severe spinal cord injured individuals. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(1):1–16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mohr T, Dela F, Handberg A, Bierling-Sorenson F, Galbo H, Kjaer M. Insulin action and long-term electrically induced training in individuals with spinal cord injuries. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;33:1247–52.
Article
Google Scholar
Mohr T, Podenphant J, Biering-Sorensen F, Galbo H, Thamsborg G, Kjaer M. Increased bone mineral density after prolonged electrically induced cycle training of paralyzed limbs in spinal cord injured man. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;61(1):22–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mutton DL, Scremin AM, Barstow TJ, Scott MD, Kunkel CF, Cagle TG. Physiologic responses during functional electrical stimulation leg cycling and hybrid exercise in spinal cord injured subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(7):712–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nash MS, Bilsker S, Marcillo AE, Isaac SM, Botelho LA, Klose KJ, et al. Reversal of adaptive left ventricular atrophy following electrically-stimulated exercise training in human tetraplegics. Paraplegia. 1991;29:590–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nash MS, Montalvo BM, Applegate B. Lower extremity blood flow and responses to occlusion and sedentary. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(December):1260–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pacy PJ, Evans RH, Halliday D. Effect of anaerobic and aerobic exercise promoted by computer regulated functional electrical stimulation (FES) on muscle size, strength and histology in paraplegic males. Prosthet Orthot Int. 1987;11(2):75–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pacy PJ, Hesp R, Halliday DA, Katz D, Cameron G, Reeve J. Muscle and bone in paraplegic patients, and the effect of functional electrical stimulation. Clin Sci (Lond). 1988;75(5):481–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Panisset MG, El-Ansary D, Dunlop SA, Marshall R, Clark J, Churilov L, et al. Factors influencing thigh muscle volume change with cycling exercises in acute spinal cord injury—a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2020.1815480.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petrofsky JS, Laymon M. The effect of previous weight training and concurrent weight training on endurance for functional electrical stimulation cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(4):392–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petrofsky JS, Stacy R. The effect of training on endurance and the cardiovascular responses of individuals with paraplegia during dynamic exercise induced by functional electrical stimulation. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;64(6):487–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Phillips CA, Danopulos D, Kezdi P, Hendershot D. Muscular, respiratory and cardiovascular responses of quadriplegic persons to an FES bicycle ergometer conditioning. Int J Rehab Res. 1989;12(2):147–57.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Phillips CA, Petrofsky JS, Hendershot DM, Stafford D. Functional electrical exercise: a comprehensive approach for physical conditioning of the spinal cord injured patient. Orthopedics. 1984;7(7):1112–23.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pollack SF, Spielholz N, Haas F, Ragnarsson KT. Induced lower extremity exercises in spinal cord injured people. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70(March):214–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ragnarsson KT, Pollack SP, O’Daniel W Jr, Edgar R, Petrofsky J, Nash MS. Clinical evaluation of computerized functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: a multicenter pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(October):672–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ralston KE, Harvey LA, Batty J, Lee BB, Ben M, Cusmiani R, et al. Functional electrical stimulation cycling has no clear effect on urine output, lower limb swelling, and spasticity in people with spinal cord injury: a randomised cross-over trial. J Physiother. 2013;59(4):237–43.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rayegani SM, Shojaee H, Sedighipour L, Soroush MR, Baghbani M, Amirani OoB. The effect of electrical passive cycling on spasticity in war veterans with spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2011;20(2:39):1–7.
Google Scholar
Reichenfelser W, Hackl H, Hufgard J, Kastner J, Gstaltner K, Gfohler M. Monitoring of spasticity and functional ability in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury with a functional electrical stimulation cycling system. J Rehabil Med. 2012;44(5):444–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Robergs RA, Appenzeller O, Qualls C, Ausenbrey J, Krauss J, Kopriva L, et al. Increased endothelin and creatine kinase after electrical stimulation of paraplegic muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1985;75(6):2400–5.
Article
Google Scholar
Sadowsky CL, Hammond ER, Strohl AB, Commean PK, Eby SA, Damiano DL, et al. Lower extremity functional electrical stimulation cycling promotes physical and functional recovery in chronic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2013;36(6):623–31.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Scremin AM, Kurta L, Gentili A, Wiseman B, Perell K, Kunkel C, et al. Increasing muscle mass in spinal cord injured persons with a functional electrical stimulation exercise program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(12):1531–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sijobert BB, Fattal C, Daubigney A, Azevedo-Coste C. Participation to the first Cybathlon: an overview of the FREEWHEELS team FES-cycling solution. Eur J Transl Myol. 2017;27(4):265–71.
Article
Google Scholar
Skold C, Lonn L, Harms-Ringdahl K, Hultling C, Levi R, Nash M, et al. Effects of functional electrical stimulation training for six months on body composition and spasticity in motor complete tetraplegic spinal cord-injured individuals. J Rehabil Med. 2002;34(1):25–32.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sloan KE, Bremner LA, Byrne J, Day RE, Scull ER. Musculoskeletal effects of an electrical stimulation induced cycling programme in the spinal injured. Paraplegia. 1994;32(6):407–15.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stampacchia G, Olivieri M, Rustici A, D’Avino C, Gerini A, Mazzoleni S. Gait rehabilitation in persons with spinal cord injury using innovative technologies: an observational study. Spinal Cord. 2020;58(9):988–97.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thrasher TA, Ward JS, Fisher S. Strength and endurance adaptations to functional electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometry in spinal cord injury. NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;33(1):133–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tong RKY, Wang X, Leung KWC, Lee GTY, Lau CCY, Wai HW, et al. How to prepare a person with complete spinal cord injury to use surface electrodes for FES trike cycling. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot. 2017;2017:801–5.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Twist DJ, Culpepper-Morgan JA, Ragnarsson KT, Petrillo CR, Kreek MJ. Neuroendocrine changes during functional electrical stimulation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;71(3):156–63.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Duijnhoven N, Hesse E, Janssen T, Wodzig W, Scheffer P, Hopman M. Impact of exercise training on oxidative stress in individuals with a spinal cord injury. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(6):1059–66.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yasąr E, Ylmaz B, Gktepe S, Kesikburun S. The effect of functional electrical stimulation cycling on late functional improvement in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2015;53(12):866–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zbogar D, Eng JJ, Krassioukov AV, Scott JM, Esch BTA, Warburton DER. The effects of functional electrical stimulation leg ergometry training on arterial compliance in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2008;46(11):722–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Belavy DL, Miokovic T, Rittweger J, Felsenberg D. Estimation of changes in volume of individual lower-limb muscles using magnetic resonance imaging (during bed-rest). Physiol Meas. 2011;32(1):35–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Biering-Sorensen B, Kristensen IB, Kjaer M, Biering-Sorensen F. Muscle after spinal cord injury. Muscle Nerve. 2009;40(4):499–519.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Castro MJ, Apple DF Jr, Hillegass EA, Dudley GA. Influence of complete spinal cord injury on skeletal muscle cross-sectional area within the first 6 months of injury. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999;80(4):373–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smit CA, de Groot S, Stolwijk-Swuste JM, Janssen TW. Effects of electrical stimulation on risk factors for developing pressure ulcers in people with a spinal cord injury: a focused review of literature. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;95(7):535–52.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buchholz AC, Pencharz PB. Energy expenditure in chronic spinal cord injury. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004;7(6):635–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bailey KA, Gammage KL, van Ingen C, Ditor DS. Managing the stigma: exploring body image experiences and self-presentation among people with spinal cord injury. Health Psychol Open. 2016;3(1):2055102916650094.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Burnham R, Martin T, Stein R, Bell G, MacLean I, Steadward R. Skeletal muscle fibre type transformation following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(2):86–91.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thijssen DH, Heesterbeek P, van Kuppevelt DJ, Duysens J, Hopman MT. Local vascular adaptations after hybrid training in spinal cord-injured subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(7):1112–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gregory CM, Dixon W, Bickel CS. Impact of varying pulse frequency and duration on muscle torque production and fatigue. Muscle Nerve. 2007;35(4):504–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Galuska DA, et al. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2018;320(19):2020–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO global recommendations on physical activity for health. Available at: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_recommendations/en/. Accessed 30 Apr 2021. 2010.
Garshick E, Kelley A, Cohen SA, Garrison A, Tun CG, Gagnon D, et al. A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2005;43(7):408–16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cragg JJ, Noonan VK, Krassioukov A, Borisoff J. Cardiovascular disease and spinal cord injury: results from a national population health survey. Neurology. 2013;81(8):723–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sachdeva R, Gao F, Chan CCH, Krassioukov AV. Cognitive function after spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Neurology. 2018;91(13):611–21.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Phillips AA, Ainslie PN, Krassioukov AV, Warburton DE. Regulation of cerebral blood flow after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2013;30(18):1551–63.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petitti DB, Teutsch SM, Barton MB, Sawaya GF, Ockene JK, DeWitt T. Update on the methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: insufficient evidence. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(3):199–205.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martin Ginis KA, Hicks AL. Exercise research issues in the spinal cord injured population. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2005;33(1):49–53.
Google Scholar
Andrews JC, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Pottie K, Meerpohl JJ, Coello PA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation-determinants of a recommendation’s direction and strength. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):726–35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cochrane. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Version 5.1.0). Available at: http://handbook.cochrane.org/chapter_9/9_4_11_use_of_vote_counting_for_meta_analysis.htm. Accessed 30 Apr 2021. 2011.
Battistuzzo CR, Callister RJ, Callister R, Galea MP. A systematic review of exercise training to promote locomotor recovery in animal models of spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(8):1600–13.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fawcett JW, Curt A, Steeves JD, Coleman WP, Tuszynski MH, Lammertse D, et al. Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury as developed by the ICCP panel: spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury and statistical power needed for therapeutic clinical trials. Spinal Cord. 2007;45(3):190–205.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cragg JJ, Noonan VK, Dvorak M, Krassioukov A, Mancini GB, Borisoff JF. Spinal cord injury and type 2 diabetes: results from a population health survey. Neurology. 2013;81(21):1864–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Adriaansen JJ, Ruijs LE, van Koppenhagen CF, van Asbeck FW, Snoek GJ, van Kuppevelt D, et al. Secondary health conditions and quality of life in persons living with spinal cord injury for at least ten years. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(10):853–60.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Piatt JA, Nagata S, Zahl M, Li J, Rosenbluth JP. Problematic secondary health conditions among adults with spinal cord injury and its impact on social participation and daily life. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016;39(6):693–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Siddall PJ, McClelland JM, Rutkowski SB, Cousins MJ. A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury. Pain. 2003;103(3):249–57.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Post MW, van Leeuwen CM. Psychosocial issues in spinal cord injury: a review. Spinal Cord. 2012;50(5):382–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martin Ginis KA, Jetha A, Mack DE, Hetz S. Physical activity and subjective well-being among people with spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(1):65–72.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tinken TM, Thijssen DH, Black MA, Cable NT, Green DJ. Time course of change in vasodilator function and capacity in response to exercise training in humans. J Physiol. 2008;586(20):5003–12.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Frotzler A, Coupaud S, Perret C, Kakebeeke TH, Hunt KJ, Donaldson NN, et al. High-volume FES-cycling partially reverses bone loss in people with chronic spinal cord injury. Bone. 2008;43(1):169–76.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Williamson P, Altman D, Blazeby J, Clarke M, Devane D, Gargon E, et al. Developing core outcome sets for clinical trials: issues to consider. Trials. 2012;13(1):132.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kayagil TA, Grimes JP, Grill WM. Mechanisms underlying reversal of motor unit activation order in electrically evoked contractions after spinal cord injury. Muscle Nerve. 2008;37(2):210–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thomas CK, Nelson G, Than L, Zijdewind I. Motor unit activation order during electrically evoked contractions of paralyzed or partially paralyzed muscles. Muscle Nerve. 2002;25(6):797–804.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gregory CM, Bickel CS. Recruitment patterns in human skeletal muscle during electrical stimulation. Phys Ther. 2005;85(4):358–64.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gotzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, et al. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ. 2010;340:c869.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ. 2014;348:g1687.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
CONSORT. Extensions of the CONSORT Statement. Available at: http://www.consort-statement.org/extensions. Accessed 30 Apr 2021.